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Despotate of Epirus
The Despotate of Epirus () was one of the late Byzantine successor states of the Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a (matrilineally linked) branch of the Doukas noble clan. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. Conquered by the Serbian Kingdom in 1337, it was restored in 1356 and existed until the Ottoman conquest in 1479. The Despotate was centred on the province of Epirus in Albania and northwestern Greece and the western portion of Greek Macedonia and also included a small strip of Thessaly and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos. Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianopolis.
==Nomenclature==
In traditional and modern historiography, the Epirote state is usually termed the "Despotate of Epirus" and its rulers are called with the title of "Despot" from its inception, but this use is not strictly accurate. The title of "Despot" was not borne by all Epirote rulers: the state's founder, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, never used it, and he is only anachronistically referred to as "Despot of Epirus" in 14th-century Western sources. His successor Theodore Komnenos Doukas did not use it either, and he actually crowned himself emperor (''basileus'') at Thessalonica ca. 1225. The first ruler of Epirus to receive the title of despot was Michael II, from his uncle, Manuel of Thessalonica, in the 1230s, and then again, as a sign of submission and vassalage, from the Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes. Earlier historians assumed that Michael I was indeed named "Despot" by the deposed emperor Alexios III Angelos after ransoming him from Latin captivity; this has been disproved by more modern research. Even after Michael II, however, speaking of the Epirote rulers as "Despots ''of'' Epirus" is technically incorrect, since the title of Despot did not imply any specific territorial jurisdiction; it was merely the highest rank in the Byzantine court hierarchy, borne by close relatives to the reigning emperor, usually his sons. Consequently, it was often borne by the princes sent to govern semi-autonomous appanages and came to be associated later with these territories (aside from Epirus, the Despotate of the Morea is the most notable case). The territorial term "despotate" itself (in Greek δεσποτάτον, ''despotaton'') was not used in contemporary sources for Epirus until 1342, and then at first only by Western, not Byzantine writers.
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